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Heterodera avenae
''Heterodera avenae'', the cereal cyst nematode or Ustinov cyst nematode, is a plant pathogen and an obligate parasite of cereal crops including barley, oats, wheat and rye. Cereal crops infected with this nematode are more susceptible to infection by fungal diseases such as rhizoctonia root rot. 〔(''Heterodera avenae'' ) at (Grain Genes )〕
==Life cycle==
This microscopic nematode exhibits sexual dimorphism. The female is rounded and white and measures 680 by 930 micrometres. The male is vermiform and transparent and measures 40 by 1300 micrometres. The eggs are oval and the vermiform larvae moult four times. The second instar larvae are mobile and can travel distances of up to thirty centimetres, looking for and invading roots of suitable host species. Here they develop, growing into sedentary bottle-shaped third instar larvae and rounded fourth instar ones. These then develop into either females or males and mating takes place. The female retains the majority of the several hundred eggs she produces inside her body. She turns into a brown cyst by the end of plant growth season, as her external surface hardens and her internal parts die. The larvae may remain in anabiosis within this cyst for several years until suitable host plants become available.〔(AgroAtlas )〕 The cysts can withstand harsh conditions and can be spread in soil, by agricultural machinery, by animals, by wind, by dust storms or other means.〔http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/nema/nemacirc/nem158.pdf The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae]〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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